Bladder, urethra, ureter, kidney stones form when urine has high levels of dissolved minerals and salts.

CAUSES: Low urine volume, diet, bowel conditions, obesity, medical conditions, obesity, medical conditions, some meds/supplements (calcium, Vit C), and family history.

PREVENTION: half of all people who get a stone will get another one, making prevention important.

DIET TIPS
- Drink enough fluid: aim for at least 3 liters of mostly water daily; adding lemon juice can help
- Reduce salt: minimize high sodium diets
- Eat fruit/veggies
- Eat foods with low oxalate: eat less spinach, rhubarb, almonds for example; that said, these items are generally healthy and can be eaten with calcium so the oxalate will be bound by calcium and exit the stool and not form calcium oxalate stones in the urine
- Eat less meat
- Eat recommended amount of calcium